Legal and source review date: 4 October 2026. General information only; the applicable trigger, deadline, claim treatment, evidence, security, vote, remedy and next step depend on the official announcements, court record, project, claim class and law current for the matter.
Start with the file, not the unpaid invoice
The first task is to identify the proceeding and the official record. A rumour that a debtor has “declared concordat,” a message from a customer, or a social-media post is not a reliable procedural trigger. In concordat, the temporary moratorium is announced through the Türkiye Trade Registry Gazette and the Basın İlan Kurumu official announcement portal. Bankruptcy has its own announcement rules, and a later ranking list is announced separately. The creditor should capture the court, file number, debtor’s registered identity, decision type, publication channels and the complete announcement text before calculating any response period.
A statutory duration is not the same thing as a personal deadline. Seven days may run from a moratorium announcement, fifteen days from a claim invitation, seven days from the end of a creditors meeting, three days before a confirmation hearing, and one month from a confirmation announcement. In ordinary bankruptcy liquidation, the filing and first-meeting periods run from the last Article 219 announcement. Appeals may instead depend on service or announcement and on the party’s role. The creditor should record the exact event, time zone and computation rule; this guide does not supply a calendar date for an unidentified file.
Next, establish which collective process exists. Concordat is a court-supervised restructuring route under Articles 285 to 309/h of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law, commonly abbreviated in Turkish as the İcra ve İflas Kanunu or İİK. Bankruptcy creates an estate, transfers administration of attachable assets to the bankruptcy organs and proceeds through claim examination, ranking and distribution. This article begins at that collective-process point. It does not repeat general pre-insolvency debt collection, and it does not replace the narrower Turkish article devoted to secured-creditor enforcement during a concordat moratorium.
Treat every label in the file as provisional until the record proves it. A claim entered in the debtor’s books is not necessarily admitted; a timely notification is not a judgment; a provisional voting allowance does not finally decide the debt; and a place on a bankruptcy ranking list may still be challenged. The useful opening product is therefore a verified file map: proceeding, court, commissioner or bankruptcy administration, announcement chronology, claim status, collateral, related parties, pending cases, governing documents and the next event. That discipline protects rights, but it cannot promise admission, priority, dividend or payment.
Concordat and bankruptcy answer different questions
A debtor that cannot pay debts when due, or faces that risk, may seek ordinary concordat; a creditor entitled to request bankruptcy may also petition on the statutory route. The commercial court and venue depend on whether the debtor is subject to bankruptcy and on the debtor’s legal seat or residence under the cross-referenced rules. Concordat asks whether a proposed compromise can meet the statutory conditions and bind affected claims. It may alter payment time or amount once confirmed, but the project, court order and claim classification determine the effect. Foreign status neither excludes the creditor nor creates a better class.
Concordat normally develops through a temporary moratorium and, if the statutory assessment remains favourable, a final moratorium. The temporary moratorium is initially three months and may be extended by no more than two months, with an overall maximum of five months. It already produces the effects of a final moratorium. A final moratorium may be granted for one year and, in difficult special circumstances, extended for up to six months through the prescribed report or request. These are statutory limits and permissions, not a forecast of how long a particular restructuring or later litigation will take.
Bankruptcy starts at the time stated in the judgment. The estate then encompasses the bankrupt’s attachable assets existing at opening, subject to rules on collateral and third-party rights. Creditors file claims or ownership assertions, the bankruptcy administration examines them, and a ranking list records the accepted amount and rank. Land-registry claims receive a specific statutory treatment, but the registry entry and current scope still need checking. A creditor whose claim or requested rank is rejected must examine the announced list and the fifteen-day action route; filing alone does not amount to final admission.
The routes can meet. For a debtor subject to bankruptcy, certain concordat failures can lead the court to lift the moratorium, reject concordat and open bankruptcy ex officio. Refusal to confirm a project does not, however, produce the same result in every file: Article 308 links ex officio bankruptcy to bankruptcy eligibility and a direct-bankruptcy ground. If bankruptcy opens, the creditor must stop treating the concordat timetable as the operative roadmap and re-map the estate, announcements, claim-registration stage and ranking procedure. No automatic result should be inferred from a troubled negotiation or an adverse interim report.
Temporary and final moratoriums
The temporary moratorium is not a waiting room without legal effect. Once the court finds the debtor-side filing complete and grants the measure, it may take steps to preserve the debtor’s assets, appoint a commissioner or commission and trigger announcement duties. Because Article 288 gives the temporary moratorium the effects of the final moratorium, a creditor must assess stays, interest, set-off, collateral and contract rules at the temporary stage. The seven-day creditor objection to the grant of a moratorium runs from the statutory announcement and is definite. Evidence should address the specific statutory concern rather than merely restating that the invoice is unpaid.
A final moratorium is granted only if the court considers concordat success possible. During that phase the commissioner supervises the process, and a creditors committee may be formed under statutory composition rules: no more than seven members, an odd number, unpaid, and with appropriate representation of legally different creditor groups and secured creditors where applicable. A committee seat is not assured. The commissioner must provide requesting creditors with information about progress and the debtor’s current financial position, while complaints about the commissioner’s concordat acts are decided finally by the commercial court. Requests should be precise and tied to the file.
A moratorium may end before its nominal period. The court may lift it if the intended financial improvement has already occurred, and specified failure conditions can lead to rejection and, for an eligible debtor, bankruptcy. Procedural routes differ by decision. No ordinary appeal lies against granting the final moratorium or refusing a request to lift it. If a final moratorium is denied without bankruptcy, the debtor or petitioning creditor may appeal within two weeks from service under the amended rule. A foreign creditor should not generalise one party’s remedy or trigger to every participant.
The debtor generally continues operating under commissioner supervision, but the court may require commissioner permission for particular acts or place operations with the commissioner. Certain transactions require court permission: creating security, guaranteeing another person’s debt, making gratuitous dispositions, or transferring or encumbering specified immovable and essential business assets. Contrary transactions are void. The Constitutional Court annulled the former requirement for creditors-committee consent before court permission; the current consolidated text retains the commissioner-opinion step. Any analysis must use that current wording and the actual moratorium order.
What the moratorium stops, and what can continue
The general rule is a broad enforcement stay. During the moratorium, new enforcement cannot be commenced, including public-receivable enforcement; existing proceedings stop; precautionary measures are not implemented; and limitation or forfeiture periods that can be interrupted through enforcement do not run. Article 294 contains exceptions, so the claim’s legal class matters. Attachment enforcement may continue for first-rank privileged claims identified through Article 206. A foreign creditor receives no priority merely by being foreign, and an ordinary trade receivable should not be relabelled to escape the stay.
The moratorium also changes accounting assumptions. Article 294(3) literally refers to the final-moratorium date, while Article 288(1) gives the temporary moratorium the effects of the final moratorium. Official Court of Cassation decisions E.2021/2089, K.2021/2943 and E.2026/1075, K.2026/1200 apply the unsecured-interest rule by reference to the temporary-moratorium date where the confirmed project contains no contrary term. The verified temporary decision, project and security coverage must therefore control the calculation. Set-off is governed through Articles 200 and 201, applying the temporary-moratorium announcement date to the relevant timing rules. Mutuality, acquisition of the counterclaim, knowledge of insolvency and arrangements prejudicing the estate can matter; ledger entries alone do not settle the issue. A non-monetary claim is notified as an equivalent monetary claim unless the debtor undertakes specific performance with commissioner approval, which makes valuation and currency evidence especially important.
Secured creditors have a distinct position. Foreclosure of collateral may be started or continued during the moratorium, but the default rule prevents custody measures and sale. The court may permit sale under the Article 295(2) procedure where the collateral is not intended for business use under the project, will lose value or is costly to preserve; proceeds go to the secured creditor only up to the collateral value. Confirmation may also defer custody and sale for up to one year on the debtor’s request if all statutory conditions are met. None of these routes makes sale or full recovery automatic.
Essential contracts are protected against clauses that treat the concordat application itself as breach, acceleration or termination. Obligations under contracts continuing during temporary and final moratoria are performed reciprocally, so current performance must be separated from old debt. An excessively burdensome continuing obligation that obstructs the concordat purpose may be terminated only with the commissioner’s favourable opinion and court permission; resulting compensation falls under the project, while special employment rules remain reserved. Contract counterparties should review the actual performance default and court order instead of assuming every termination clause is disabled.
Notify the claim and build the evidence file
The commissioner invites creditors by statutory announcement to notify their claims within fifteen days from the announcement date. A copy is also mailed to creditors whose addresses are known, but the statutory period is framed from announcement, not receipt of foreign post. A creditor that does not notify is excluded from project negotiations unless the claim appears in the debtor’s balance sheet. Balance-sheet treatment must be verified rather than assumed. The notification should identify principal, interest, currency, maturity, legal basis, security, pending proceedings and the requested treatment in a form the commissioner can reconcile with the debtor’s records.
The debtor is invited to state its position on notified claims, and the commissioner examines books and records and reports whether claims appear valid. If the debtor disputes all or part of a claim, the court may decide whether and to what extent it counts for voting without prejudicing a later merits judgment. After confirmation, a disputed creditor may sue within one month from announcement of the confirmation decision. The court may reserve the project share, but missing that action period affects access to the deposited share. It should not be described as a universal extinction rule without examining the underlying right.
Document checklist
Claim and contract record. Assemble the executed contract and amendments, accepted orders, invoices, delivery or performance evidence, acceptance records, statements of account, maturity terms and the legal basis for interest. For a non-monetary obligation, include material supporting the proposed monetary equivalent and any requested specific-performance treatment. The purpose is to allow the commissioner or administration to test identity, basis, amount and timing. A document set that proves a commercial relationship may still leave classification, set-off, limitation, currency or admission issues unresolved.
Security and priority record. Collect pledge, mortgage, guarantee and title documents; registration extracts; collateral descriptions; valuation material; enforcement-file details; and evidence of the secured amount. Separate the collateral-covered portion from any unsecured shortfall. In concordat, secured-asset valuation is disclosed before the meeting and interested persons may seek a new valuation within seven days by advancing costs. In bankruptcy, secured creditors have priority in collateral proceeds subject to preservation and sale costs, while any uncovered balance enters the statutory ranking.
Foreign-document record. Preserve originals and a clean chain of custody. For court use, Article 223 of the Code of Civil Procedure requires a translation of a foreign-language document and allows the court to request an official translation. Authentication under Article 224 or an applicable treaty must be assessed by document type and state of origin. An Apostille authenticates origin attributes such as signature, capacity and seal; it does not prove that the invoice is correct, that goods were delivered, or that the debt is enforceable.
Secured claims, set-off and current obligations
A secured creditor should maintain two calculations. The first is the debt under the finance and security documents. The second is the part supported by the statutory value of the collateral. In the ordinary-project vote, only the unsecured shortfall counts after valuation. The collateral-covered portion is excluded from the general binding rule described in Article 308/c(2), while the project may contain a separate secured-debt restructuring under Article 308/h. These distinctions affect voting, interest, enforcement and payment expectations; a single headline balance is therefore insufficient.
Valuation can alter both participation and leverage. Secured-asset valuations are made available and notified to the debtor and secured creditors before the meeting. Interested persons may request a new valuation within seven days, subject to advancing the costs and identifying the actual notification or file event that starts the period. The court also decides whether disputed, conditional or unmatured claims participate in voting. Neither a valuation used for the process nor a provisional voting figure should be presented as a final judgment on the merits or the eventual sale price.
Set-off requires a transaction-level chronology. Concordat points to the bankruptcy set-off rules and uses the temporary-moratorium announcement date as the reference point. Bankruptcy generally permits set-off but excludes defined acquisition and timing patterns; an arrangement may also be challenged where insolvency was known and the structure harms the estate. The analysis should identify each debt, obligor, currency, maturity, assignment, acquisition date and knowledge evidence. Group-company balances, triangular payment instructions and post-announcement purchases of claims need particular caution because mutuality cannot simply be presumed.
Current obligations deserve a separate ledger. Essential contracts continue despite application-trigger clauses, and reciprocal performance remains due during the moratoria. Debts incurred after the temporary moratorium with commissioner permission sit outside ordinary concordat terms, may be enforced on default during the moratorium and receive the statutory priority described in Article 308/c. By contrast, termination of an obstructive continuing obligation needs commissioner support and court permission. A supplier should therefore distinguish authorised current supply, unauthorised post-filing debt and pre-filing arrears before deciding whether to continue, suspend or litigate.
Meetings, voting and representation
Once the project, notifications and claim review are complete, creditors are invited by a fresh announcement to a meeting held no earlier than fifteen days later. The file materials are available for review during the seven days before the meeting. The ordinary project passes if it exceeds either half of registered creditors and half of claims, or one quarter of registered creditors and two thirds of claims. Only creditors affected by the project vote; first-rank privileged creditors and specified debtor relatives are excluded from the majority calculation. Eligibility must be settled before counting percentages.
Secured claims are counted in the ordinary vote only to the extent left unsecured after valuation. Disputed, conditional or unmatured claims count only to the extent the court permits, without binding the later merits court. If the debtor proposes an Article 308/h secured-debt restructuring, secured creditors negotiate separately and the statutory approval threshold is more than two thirds by secured-claim amount, including permitted later adhesions. That secured arrangement and any imposed plan do not take effect if the ordinary creditors meeting rejects the concordat project.
Voting authority must be prepared before the meeting. A representative needs express special authority under Article 74 of the Code of Civil Procedure before consenting to concordat on a creditor’s behalf; a general litigation mandate should not be assumed sufficient. Adhesions submitted within seven days after the meeting count. The commissioner then has up to seven days after that period to deliver the file and reasoned report. The creditor should preserve the signed vote, authority document, delivery evidence and meeting record because later questions may turn on who consented, when and within what authority.
Co-debtor and guarantee rights require a deliberate voting decision. A creditor that does not consent preserves rights against co-debtors. A consenting creditor obtains the statutory protection only by following the assignment-offer mechanism and notifying co-debtors at least ten days before the meeting. The governing law, wording and defences under each guarantee or co-debt arrangement still require separate review. Casting a favourable vote without mapping those steps may affect recourse, while refusing consent does not itself decide whether the principal debt or security is valid.
Confirmation, objections and appeals
The confirmation hearing is announced publicly. A creditor wishing to attend as an objector must submit written reasons at least three days before the hearing, calculated from the actual hearing date. The court examines more than the vote: confirmation requires the statutory liquidation comparison, proportionality, the necessary majority, protection for first-rank and authorised-period debts unless waived, and payment of specified costs and fees. If the court cannot decide within the final moratorium, it may continue moratorium effects until decision for no more than six months. That continuation is discretionary and separate from the earlier extension.
The confirmation order is the operational document. It records the sacrifice imposed on claims and the payment timetable and may appoint a supervisor who reports every two months; creditors may inspect those reports. Concordat becomes binding upon confirmation unless the project postpones that effect until finality. It generally reaches claims arising before the request and claims incurred during the moratorium without commissioner permission. First-rank privileged claims, the collateral-covered part of secured claims and public claims under Law No. 6183 are excluded from that general binding rule, while authorised post-moratorium debts follow their specific treatment.
Appeal and disputed-claim periods must be separated. The debtor or petitioning creditor may appeal the concordat decision within two weeks from service, while other objecting creditors have two weeks from announcement of confirmation. A creditor whose claim was disputed may bring the Article 308/b action within one month from the confirmation announcement. Party role and the actual service or announcement must be verified before a personal last day is entered. A court-ordered deposit may preserve the project share pending judgment, but the order, amount and consequences of a missed action require file-specific reading.
Confirmation does not end every dispute. Pre-temporary-moratorium attachments that have not been liquidated lapse when concordat becomes binding, subject to the statutory exception. A promise giving one creditor more than the project provides is invalid. If the debtor does not perform under the project, the creditor may seek partial rescission while retaining the new project rights; the rescission appeal period runs for two weeks from service. Any creditor may seek complete rescission where bad faith impaired concordat, but bad faith must be proved. These remedies cannot support a prediction of payment or timing.
If bankruptcy opens
A bankruptcy judgment changes control of the process. Bankruptcy opens at the time stated in the decision, and an appeal does not prevent announcement or formation of the estate. The decision is transmitted and announced through the statutory channels. The creditor should obtain the judgment and every announcement, identify the bankruptcy office and administration, check whether ordinary or simplified liquidation is being used, and verify any transition from a failed concordat. A filing made with a concordat commissioner should not be assumed to substitute for every act required in the bankruptcy estate.
All attachable assets existing at opening enter the estate, while collateral enters subject to the secured creditor’s priority. A secured creditor may elect to continue foreclosure against the estate. If the estate administers the sale, preservation and sale costs are deducted before the secured entitlement is paid. Any uncovered secured balance joins unsecured claims in the Article 206 ranking. Ownership, asset location, third-party rights, avoidance risks and competing security affect the result. Neither nominal collateral value nor the original loan balance establishes the amount that will be distributed.
In ordinary liquidation, the one-month invitation and the ten-day first-meeting period are calculated from the last Article 219 announcement. A foreign or very remote creditor may receive an extension, but no automatic additional period exists. The one-month invitation is not an extinction rule: under Article 236, late claims remain admissible until bankruptcy closes. The late creditor bears added costs and cannot participate in distributions decided before filing; Article 235 still applies. Obtain the last announcement and any extension before stating a deadline.
A creditor applying to the estate may request service of administration decisions by providing an address suitable for service and advancing the prescribed writing and service costs; relevant appeal periods then run from service. After registration closes, the administration examines claims and ownership assertions and prepares the ranking list. Claims recorded in the land registry receive the statutory treatment even without a separate filing, but the entry and security scope still require verification. A challenge to rejection or rank must follow the fifteen-day action period from the actual ranking-list announcement.
Foreign documents, authority and procedural security
Foreign creditors should separate translation, authentication and proof. A Turkish court requires a translation of a foreign-language document under Article 223 and may demand an official translation. Article 224 requires authentication for foreign official documents, subject to treaty rules. Where the 1961 Apostille Convention applies between Türkiye and the state of origin, the competent authority’s Apostille can replace ordinary diplomatic legalisation for covered public documents. The HCCH status table and any objections must be checked for the relevant country pair and date. None of these formal steps proves the commercial truth of the document.
Authority documents need the same care. The Turkish filing should show the legal existence and signatory authority of a corporate creditor, the chain of appointment and the scope of counsel’s mandate. Consent to concordat requires express special authority. Depending on origin and document type, corporate registry extracts, board resolutions, powers of attorney and notarised instruments may require authentication or Apostille and Turkish translation. The commissioner, bankruptcy administration and court may apply different practical filing directions, so the creditor should confirm format before sending originals across borders.
Article 48 of the Private International and Procedural Law may require a foreign natural or legal person who brings an action, intervenes or starts enforcement before a Turkish court to provide security, subject to reciprocity-based exemption. That issue is relevant to a disputed-claim lawsuit or a later enforcement step; it is not presented here as an automatic precondition to notifying a claim to the commissioner or bankruptcy administration. Nationality, legal form, procedural role, treaty position and current reciprocity evidence should be examined at the point when a court action is contemplated.
A workable cross-border file also needs consistent numbers. Preserve the original currency, contractual conversion clause, payment history and interest basis; identify any withholding, set-off or assignment; and explain the Turkish-lira figure used for process purposes without erasing the original obligation. Keep a bilingual index linking every translation to its source. Record what was filed, by whom, where and when, and retain delivery proof. These controls reduce avoidable disputes, but they do not determine whether the claim will be admitted, how it will rank, or what the estate can pay.
Monitoring and decision workflow
Official monitoring should run as an event log, not an occasional web search. For concordat, monitor the Trade Registry Gazette, the Basın İlan Kurumu portal and the court file for the moratorium, claim invitation, meeting and confirmation hearing. For bankruptcy, monitor the Article 166 and Article 219 announcements, estate notices and ranking list. Record each item with a local copy, source URL, publication date, retrieval time and its procedural effect. Private alerts can prompt a check, but the legal trigger must come from the official publication, service or meeting record identified by statute.
A practical foreign-creditor action plan
Verify the proceeding and announcements. Match the debtor’s exact trade name, registry details and tax identity to the court file. Download every official notice in sequence and determine which one is legally operative. In bankruptcy, do not calculate the one-month filing period or the ten-day first-meeting period from the first item found online; Article 219 uses the last Article 219 announcement. In concordat, distinguish the moratorium announcement from the later claim invitation and hearing notice. Record the trigger without yet translating it into a personal date unless the full file chronology is known.
Prepare and notify the claim. Reconcile principal, interest, currency, maturity and any non-monetary component. Index contracts, invoices, delivery records, correspondence, payment history and security documents. Arrange Turkish translations and authentication where required, while remembering that formal authentication does not prove performance. File through the method directed in the announcement and preserve receipt. Do not rely on postal delivery from the commissioner, and do not assume that a balance-sheet entry will cure omission. Track the debtor’s response and the commissioner’s or administration’s treatment.
Classify security and set-off. Identify each collateral item, registration, rank, secured cap, current valuation and enforcement file. Separate the collateral-covered part from the unsecured shortfall for voting and binding-effect analysis. Decide whether valuation should be challenged from the actual notification event. Build a dated set-off chronology that tests mutuality, acquisition and insolvency knowledge rather than relying on accounting presentation. If bankruptcy opens, decide whether foreclosure or estate administration is procedurally available and commercially appropriate, accounting for preservation, sale costs and competing rights.
Prepare for the meeting. Review the project and inspection file before the meeting, confirm whether the claim is affected and how it will be counted, and obtain a court decision on disputed voting participation where needed. Give the representative express authority to consent. Evaluate the co-debtor consequences before casting a favourable vote and complete the statutory notice and assignment-offer steps where relied upon. Preserve any seven-day post-meeting adhesion. If Article 308/h secured restructuring is proposed, analyse that negotiation separately while recognising that the ordinary project remains an independent gate.
Follow confirmation and performance. If objecting, file reasoned written grounds at least three days before the announced hearing. Read the confirmation decision with the final project, including payment schedule, sacrifice, binding date, excluded claims and supervisor. Classify the available appeal route by party role and trigger. If the claim is disputed, assess the one-month action from the actual confirmation announcement and any reserved share. After confirmation, monitor reports and performance; consider partial rescission for non-performance or complete rescission for proved bad faith only on the evidence.
Re-map immediately if bankruptcy opens. Obtain the judgment and announcements, identify the administration and register the claim. Use the last Article 219 announcement and verify any foreign-residence extension. If the one-month invitation was missed, assess Article 236 promptly: late filing remains possible until closing but carries added costs and excludes the creditor from distributions already decided. Monitor examination and the ranking list, then evaluate the Article 235 challenge from its announcement. Reassess collateral and any uncovered balance against the estate.
Frequently asked questions and official sources
Frequently asked questions
No. Concordat is a court-supervised restructuring process, while bankruptcy creates an estate and a separate claim-examination and ranking system. A temporary moratorium already produces final-moratorium effects, but it is not a bankruptcy judgment. Certain failures can lead to bankruptcy for an eligible debtor, and refusal of confirmation can do so where the statutory conditions exist. The creditor should identify the exact decision and announcement rather than treating financial distress, a moratorium and bankruptcy as interchangeable labels.
That is unsafe. Article 299 frames the fifteen-day concordat claim-notification period from the official announcement, although a copy is also mailed to creditors with known addresses. Foreign delivery may arrive later or encounter service problems. Monitor the official channels, preserve the actual claim invitation and calculate only from that verified trigger. If the claim appears in the debtor’s balance sheet, omission may affect negotiations differently, but the creditor should verify the entry rather than rely on it as a filing strategy.
The secured creditor may start or continue foreclosure, but the default moratorium rule bars custody measures and sale. A court may permit sale in the narrow Article 295(2) circumstances, including where collateral is not intended for business use under the project, will lose value or is costly to preserve. A confirmation order may also defer custody and sale for up to one year if all statutory conditions are met. The order, valuation, asset use and security coverage must be reviewed before predicting any sale.
The court may determine whether and to what extent a disputed, conditional or unmatured claim counts for voting, without finally deciding the merits. After confirmation, a disputed creditor may bring the Article 308/b action within one month from announcement of the confirmation decision. The court may direct that the project share be deposited pending judgment. Missing that action period affects the reserved share, but the provision should not be paraphrased as automatically extinguishing every underlying right without examining the claim and order.
No. Translation, authentication and evidentiary weight are separate. A foreign-language document used in court requires a translation and the court may require an official translation. Whether a document needs authentication, consular legalisation or an Apostille depends on whether it is a public document, the state of origin, the applicable treaty and current status or objections. An Apostille verifies origin attributes, not the truth of an invoice, delivery record or corporate statement. Confirm requirements for the actual document and filing stage.
The statutes provide particular periods, maximums and triggers, but they do not supply a reliable completion or recovery figure for an individual creditor. A temporary moratorium can reach five months, a final moratorium may be granted for one year and extended in defined circumstances, and court effects may continue for a limited period while confirmation is decided. Bankruptcy adds estate administration, ranking, disputes and distribution. Payment depends on assets, project terms, claim class, collateral, objections, litigation and costs. No amount or end date should be promised without the live file.
Official sources
- Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law No. 2004 — current consolidated text
- Code of Civil Procedure No. 6100 — current consolidated text
- Private International and Procedural Law No. 5718 — current consolidated text
- Regulation on Concordat Commissioners and the Creditors Committee
- Constitutional Court announcement on E.2024/10, K.2024/97
- Law No. 7499 in Official Gazette No. 32487
- Basın İlan Kurumu official insolvency-law announcement portal
- Türkiye Trade Registry Gazette official site
- HCCH Apostille Convention official outline
- HCCH Apostille Convention status table
- Court of Cassation 15th Civil Chamber, E.2021/2089, K.2021/2943
- Court of Cassation 6th Civil Chamber, E.2026/1075, K.2026/1200
